Ecological Effectiveness: Conservation Goals for Interactive Species
The rarity or absence of highly interactive species leaves a functional void that can trigger linked changes leading to degraded or simplified ecosystems. By MICHAEL E. SOULÉ JAMES A. ESTES, JOEL BERGER, AND CARLOS MARTINEZ DEL RIO
Wolves: A Keystone Species
Where there are wolves, there are vibrant aspen forests and healthy elk populations, meadows and songbirds.
(Photo: Larry Master, www.masterimages.org)
The Spine of the Continent Initiative is the largest scale conservation initiative in the world in terms of geographic scope, amount of wildness at stake, and amount of cooperative action it will take to pull it off.